Jets of high-speed steam are used in spray cleaning. steam at 15.0 bar with 150°c of superheat is fed to a well-insulated valve at a rate of 1.00 kg/s. as the steam passes through the valve, its pressure drops to 1.0 bar. the outlet stream may be totally vapor or a mixture of vapor and liquid. kinetic and potential energy changes may be neglected. draw and label a flowchart, assuming that both liquid and vapor emerge from the valve. write an energy balance and use it to determine the total rate of flow of enthalpy in the outlet stream ( . h out = . m l ˆ h l + . m v ˆ h v ) (h. out=m. lhˆl+m. vhˆv). then determine whether the outlet stream is in fact a mixture of liquid and vapor or whether it is pure vapor. explain your reasoning. what is the temperature of the outlet stream? 337°c assuming that your answers to parts (b) and (c) are correct and that the pipes at the inlet and outlet of the valve have the same inner diameter, would δ . e k δe. k across the valve be positive, negative, or zero? explain your answer. (note: you don’t have to calculate the kinetic energies at the inlet and outlet to solve this problem, although you can if you have extra time on your hands.)

At a roundabout you must yield to traffic already in the roundabout

Infrared sensor is most used sensor in wireless technology where remote controlling functions and detection of surrounding objects/ obstacles are involved. this post will discuss about what is infrared sensor, its working principle, how it works, types, applications, advantages and disadvantages. what is infrared sensor

ir sensor is a simple electronic device which emits and detects ir radiation in order to find out certain objects/obstacles in its range. some of its features are heat and motion sensing.

ir sensors use infrared radiation of wavelength between 0.75 to 1000µm which falls between visible and microwave regions of electromagnetic spectrum. ir region is not visible to human eyes. infrared spectrum is categorized into three regions based on its wavelength i.e. near infrared, mid infrared, far infrared.

wavelength regions of infrared spectrum

near ir – 0.75µm to 3 µm
mid ir – 3 µm to 6 µm
far ir – > 6 µm
1 introduction to infrared sensor

fig. 1 – introduction to infrared sensor

working principle of infrared sensor

infrared sensors works on three fundamental physics laws:

planck’s radiation law: any object whose temperature is not equal to absolute zero (0 kelvin) emits radiation.
stephan boltzmann law: the total energy emitted at all wavelengths by a black body is related to the absolute temperature.
wein’s displacement law: objects of different temperature emit spectra that peak at different wavelengths that is inversely proportional to temperature.
key elements of infrared detection system

the key elements of infrared detection system are:

ir transmitter

ir transmitter acts as source for ir radiation. according to plank’s radiation law, every object is a source of ir radiation at temp t above 0 kelvin. in most cases black body radiators, tungsten lamps, silicon carbide, infrared lasers, leds of infrared wavelength are used as sources.

transmission medium

as the name suggests, transmission medium provides passage for the radiation to reach from ir transmitter to ir receiver. vacuum, atmosphere and optical fibers are used as medium.

ir receiver

generally ir receivers are photo diode and photo transistors. they are capable of detecting infrared radiation. hence ir receiver is also called as ir detector. variety of receivers are available based on wavelength, voltage and package.

ir transmitter and receivers are selected with matching parameters. some of deciding specifications of receivers are photosensitivity or responsivity, noise equivalent power and detectivity.