Afreshly annealed glass containing flaws of maximum length of 0.1 microns breaks under a tensile stress of 120 mpa. if a sample of this glass is now subjected to stress of 30 mpa, failure is found to occur after 10 days. assuming that the specific surface energy (or fracture toughness) does not change, the average rate at which the crack has grown during the period of the test is

0.16 micron per day

Explanation:

Given:

The initial crack length, a₁ = 0.1 micron = 0.1 × 10⁻⁶ m

Initial tensile stress, σ₁ = 120 MPa

Final stress = 30 MPa

now from Griffith's equation, we have

where,

Gc and E are the material constants

now,

for the initial stage

 ........{1}

and for the final case

  ............{2}

on dividing 1 by 2, we get

or

a₂ = 4² × 0.1 × 10⁻⁶ m

or

a₂ = 1.6 micron

Now,

the change from 0.1 micron to 1.6 micron took place in 10 days

therefore, the rate at which the crack is growing =

or

average rate of change of crack = 0.16 micron per day

answer:

i answer later k

explanation:

answer:

design model: consists of design geometry; can be 2d or 3d; typically has a black background.

design files: drawing created with microsoft expression design, a drawing and design program for windows; may contain both vector and raster graphics; can also include multiple layers and various image effects.

elements: an element is a single part of a larger group.