Briefly discuss how plastic deformation occurs in crystalline materials. discuss the important methods of strengthening used in (i) cold rolled 1018 steel, (ii) 2024al alloy in t6 heat treated condition, (iii) brasses, and (iv) quenched and tempered 1045 steel.

Heat is added to a piston-cylinder device filled with 2 kg of air to raise its temperature 400 c from an initial temperature of t1 27 cand pressure of pi 1 mpa. the process is isobaric process. find a)-the final pressure p2 b)-the heat transfer to the air.

Aturning operation is performed with following conditions: rake angle of 12°, a feed of 0.35 mm/rev, and a depth of cut of 1.1 mm. the work piece is aluminum alloy 6061 with t6 heat treatment (a16061-t6). the resultant chip thickness was measured to be 1.0 mm. estimate the cutting force, fc. use shear stress of 207 mpa and coefficient of friction on the tool face of 0.6.

Air flows over a heated plate àt a velocity of 50m/s. the local skin factor coefficient at a point on a plate is 0.004. estimate the local heat transfer coefficient at this point. the following property data for air are given: density = 0.88kg/m3 , viscosity 2.286 x 10 ^-5 kgm/s , k = 0.035w/mk ,cp = 1.001kj/kgk. use colburn reynolds analogy.