Type (dog, cat, budgie, lizard, horse, etc.) Create a class that keeps track of the attributes above for pet records at the animal clinic. Decide what instance variables are needed and their data types. Make sure you use int, double, and String data types. Make the instance variables private. Write 2 constructors, one with no parameters and one with many parameters to initialize all the instance variables. Write accessor (get) methods for each of the instance variables. Write mutator (set) methods for each of the instance variables. In the main method of the Animal Clinic class, create 3 Pet objects by calling their constructors. Then call the accessor methods, mutator methods and toString() methods to test all of your methods.

If you did the exercise with two Dog objects, it was a bit boring, right? After all, we have nothing to separate the dogs from each other and no way of knowing, without looking at the source code, which dog produced which bark.

In the previous article, I mentioned that when you create objects, you call a special method called a constructor. The constructor looks like the class name written as a method. For example, for a Dog class, the constructor would be called Dog().

The special thing about constructors is that they are the path to any new object, so they are a great place to call code that initializes an object with default values. Further, the return value from a constructor method is always an object of the class itself, which is why we can assign the return value of the constructor to a variable of the type of class we create.

However, so far, we have not actually created a constructor at all, so how come we can still call that method?

In many languages, C# included, the language gives you a free and empty constructor without you having to do anything. It is implied that you want a constructor; otherwise there would be no way of using the class for anything, so the languages just assume that you have written one.

This invisible and free constructor is called the default constructor, and, in our example, it will look like this:

public Dog(){ }

Notice that this syntax is very similar to the Speak() method we created earlier, except that we do not explicitly return a value nor do we even declare the return type of the method. As I mentioned earlier, a constructor always returns an instance of the class to which it belongs.

In this case, that is the class Dog, and that is why when we write Dog myDog = new Dog(), we can assign the new object to a variable named myDog which is of type Dog.

So let’s add the default constructor to our Dog class. You can either copy the line above or, in Visual Studio, you can use a shortcut: type ctor and hit Tab twice. It should generate the default constructor for you.

The default constructor doesn’t actually give us anything new because it is now explicitly doing what was done implicitly before. However, it is a method, so we can now add content inside the brackets that will execute whenever we call this constructor. And because the constructor runs as the very first thing in an object’s construction, it is a perfect place to add initialization code.

For example, we could set the Name property of our objects to something by adding code such as this:

public Dog()

{

   this.Name = "Snoopy";

}

This example will set the Name property of any new objects to “Snoopy”.

Of course, that’s not very useful because not all dogs are called “Snoopy”, so instead, let us change the method signature of the constructor so that it accepts a parameter.

The parentheses of methods aren’t just there to look pretty; they serve to contain parameters that we can use to pass values to a method. This function applies to all methods, not just constructors, but let’s do it for a constructor first.

Change the default constructor signature to this:

public Dog(string dogName)

This addition allows us to send a string parameter into the constructor, and that when we do, we can refer to that parameter by the name dogName.

Then, add the following line to the method block:

this.Name = dogName;

This line sets this object’s property Name to the parameter we sent into the constructor.

Note that when you change the constructor’s signature, you get a case of the red squigglies in your Program.cs file.When we add our own explicit constructors, C# and .NET will not implicitly create a default constructor for us. In our Program.cs file, we are still creating the Dog objects using the default parameter-less constructor, which now no longer exists.

To fix this problem, we need to add a parameter to our constructor call in Program.cs. We can, for example, update our object construction line as such:

Dog myDog = new Dog(“Snoopy”);

Doing so will remove the red squigglies and allow you to run the code again. If you leave or set your breakpoint after the last code line, you can look at the Locals panel and verify that your object’s Name property has indeed been? Got it?

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