Which of the following is *not* true about logging user and program actions on a computer?

a. logging may act as a deterrent to user activity.
b. every action on a system is recorded in the kernel log.
c. log data may be changed after the fact.
d. log files may be deleted after the fact.

The correct answer is option b. "every action on a system is recorded in the kernel log".

Explanation:

Programming using linux kernel log levels is very helpful, because logs can inform about he state of daemon, or inform whether an error has occurred. However, is not true that every action on a system is recorded in the kernel log. Only certain information is found in the kernel log, which gives messages with different levels of severity, being the level 0 the most critical, and level 7 the less critical.