3.1 list three approaches to message authentication.
3.2 what is a message authentication code?
3.4 what properties must a hash function have to be useful for message authentication?
3.5 in the context of a hash function, what is a compression function?
3.6 what are the principal ingredients of a public-key cryptosystem?
3.7 list and briefly define three uses of a public-key cryptosystem.
3.8 what is the difference between a private key and a secret key?
3.9 what is a digital signature?

When you type the pwd command, you notice that your current location on the linux filesystem is the /usr/local directory. answer the following questions, assuming that your current directory is /usr/local for each question. a. which command could you use to change to the /usr directory using an absolute pathname? b. which command could you use to change to the /usr directory using a relative pathname? c. which command could you use to change to the /usr/local/share/info directory using an absolute pathname? d. which command could you use to change to the /usr/local/share/info directory using a relative pathname? e. which command could you use to change to the /etc directory using an absolute pathname? f. which command could you use to change to the /etc directory using a relative pathname?

Jason typically uses the internet to buy various items. it the total cost of all of the items ordered, at one time, is $250 or more, then the shipping and handling is free, otherwise the shipping and handling is $15 per item. design an algorithm that prompts jason to enter the number of items ordered and the price of each item. (remember cost = number of items order times price) the algorithm then outputs the total billing amount including shipping and handling. your algorithm must use a loop (repetition structure) to get the number and price of each item. write this in algorithm format not program code format.

What are the different components of the cloud architecture?