Electromagnetic waves, such as visible light, travel in a multitude of orientations. a substance that filters the light so that it only passes through in one plane works somewhat like a fence that allows only some light to pass through. this is the principle of - a. refraction. b. diffraction. c. polarization. d. interference.

)benzene and toluene form nearly ideal solutions. consider an equimolar solution of benzene and toluene. at 20 °c the vapour pressures of pure benzene and toluene are 9.9 kpa and 2.9 kpa, respectively. the solution is boiled by reducing the external pressure below the vapour pressure. calculate (i) the pressure when boiling begins, (ii) the composition of each component in the vapour, and (iii) the vapour pressure when only a few drops of liquid remain. assume that the rate of vaporization is low enough for the temperature to remain constant at 20 °c.