1. Other than Nitrogen, Oxygen, and other gases our air contains variable amount of what and by how many percent?

78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.[8] Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air composition, temperature, and atmospheric pressure vary with altitude, and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found. only in Earth's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres.

nanotechnology is a powerful tool in biomaterials research as it creates numerous possibilities for the engineering of functional molecules. nano-bio refers to projected ability to incorporate biomimicry into various materials at nanoscale.  

geosphere and hydrosphere.

this is because the geosphere has to do with geological events, while the hydrosphere controls all water on earth.