Easy periodic table question, pls help What are columns (up and down) of the periodic table called? How does the element’s column relate its number of valence electrons?

And a) oxygen i believe

Van der waals forces are temporary electromagnetic forces established between uncharged atoms. some neutral molecules, when close together, can become temporarily “charged,” as electrons move around the atom. water is a polar molecule, the side of the molecule that the hydrogens bond to being more positive, and the opposite side bound to the lone pairs of electrons being more negative. this means that it participates in dipole-dipole interaction (non-polar exhibits dispersion forces), and it has the capacity for hydrogen bonding.

Answerreleasing energy.;