1.
Events in which molten rock spews out of
the mantle as ash, lava, and gases

There is no reason to think the results are biased or not conducted properly but you should not assume the results are correct just because they were done in a laboratory so the answer would be c. it is likely to be reliable because the results support the conclusion presented.

The phase where ice changes directly to gas is called sublimation 

Ahigh energy (high speed) particle (alpha or beta or neutron) are shot at the target;