Why does the presence of lone pairs contribute to the polarity of a water molecule? they allow the bonds between oxygen and hydrogen to be single. they increase the partial positive charge on the oxygen atom. they prevent the atoms from forming a linear molecule. they counter the uneven pull on electrons between the atoms.

The correct answer is "They prevent the atoms from forming a linear molecule. "

The lone pair of electrons on the O atom of the H₂O molecule repels the bond pair of electrons in the O-H bond. Thus causing H₂O to acquire a bent structure instead of a liner structure. If H₂O were a linear molecule the dipole of the each O-H bond would cancel out each other. However, in a bent structure each O-H bond contributes to the overall dipole of the H₂O molecule. Thus contributing to the polarity of a water molecule.

geosphere and hydrosphere.

this is because the geosphere has to do with geological events, while the hydrosphere controls all water on earth.