Which process releases 2260 joules of heat energy per gram of water into the environment

The correct answer is (4) 

Evaporation or vaporization is a change of phase of a substance from liquid to gas (vapor).

For water, this process requires the  addition of 2260 Joules of heat energy for every gram of water that evaporates (vaporizes). The added energy remains in the water vapor (potential energy) and will be released in the process of condensation.

This heat energy that is required to change water into vapor is called the latent heat of vaporization.

Latent heat of a material is defined as the energy required to change the state of a material without changing the material's temperature.

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explanation:

covalent bonds

consist of pairs of electrons shared by two atoms, and bind the atoms to fixed orientation and requre high energies to break them

ionic bonds

when two atoms differ considerably in their electronegativity, then one of the atoms will lose its electron to the other atom. this results in a positively charged ion(cation) and a negatively charged ion (anion)