Rutherford bombarded nitrogen gas with alpha particles, causing some of the nitrogen to change into oxygen by a process of

artificial transmutation

Explanation:

Rutherford is the pioneer of artificial transmutation of elements. He bombarded light elements such as nitrogen with helium atoms. This is resulted in the release of hydrogen atoms. Rutherford concluded that the nitrogen nucleus was fragmented by the energetic alpha particle. Transmutation caused a change in the atomic and mass number of nitrogen thus producing a new element oxygen.

vanderwaal's forces of attraction are the electrostatic intermolecular forces that exist in a molecule due to the temporary or permanent dipoles that are developed in a molecule. in , the major intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions as the molecule is polar (bent structure). so the vanderwaal's forces of interaction in between molecules are the permanent dipole-dipole interactions that develop due to the dipole that exists in between the polar h - s bond. the positively charged hydrogen atom is attracted towards the negative end of the dipole that is sulfur of the adjacent molecule. therefore, these forces of attraction are relatively stronger than that of london dispersion forces that exist in non polar molecules.