Which topic is not included in the study of physical geology
a) how earth's mantle was formed
b) how volcanoes are formed
c) how soil erosion destroys farmland
d) how earthquakes effect buildings

The correct option is A.

Physical geology is an aspect of geological study that has to do with the study of rocks, soils and minerals and the processes through which they are formed. Physical geologists study occurrences such as earthquakes, volcanoes, erosion, weathering, glacier formation, etc. Formation of earth's mantle is not included in physical geology.

answer carbon and three oxygen atoms;

the correct answer would be b. amelia, because the particals of gas move really fast (charged particals) and gas also has a lot of room (particals move independently) so the only answer that has both of those is amelia's.