A48.6 g ball of copper has a net charge of 2.4 µc. what fraction of the copper's electrons have been removed? (each copper atom has 29 protons, and copper has an atomic mass of 63.5.)

First, find how many copper atoms make up the ball: 
moles of atoms = (46.6 g) / (63.5 g per mol of atoms) = 0.73385 mol 
# of atoms = (0.73385 mol) (6.02 × 10^23 atoms per mol) = 4.4178 × 10^23 atoms 

There is normally one electron for every proton in copper. This means there are normally 29 electrons per atom: 
normal # electrons = (4.4178 × 10^23 atoms) (29 electrons per atom) = 1.2811 × 10^25 electrons 

Currently, the charge in the ball is 2.5 µC, which means -2.5 µC worth of electrons have been removed. 
# removed electrons = (-2.5 µC) / (1.602 × 10^-13 µC per electron) = 1.5604 × 10^13 electrons removed 

# removed electrons / normal # electrons = 
(1.5604 × 10^13 electrons removed) / (1.2811 × 10^25 electrons) = 1.22 × 10^-12 

That's 1 / 1.22 × 10^12 

They did not study the continental drift

Van der waals forces are temporary electromagnetic forces established between uncharged atoms. some neutral molecules, when close together, can become temporarily “charged,” as electrons move around the atom. water is a polar molecule, the side of the molecule that the hydrogens bond to being more positive, and the opposite side bound to the lone pairs of electrons being more negative. this means that it participates in dipole-dipole interaction (non-polar exhibits dispersion forces), and it has the capacity for hydrogen bonding.