The graph shows the change in concentration of one of the species in the reaction ab --> a + b + heat. if the graph indicates the reaction rate, then the concentration of which species is plotted?
a

ab

b

The concentration of AB is being plotted in the graph.

Explanation:

In a chemical reaction, products are formed in a course of time from the reactants.

As, the time of the reaction proceeds, the reactants form products, which means that the concentration of the reactants decreases as the reaction proceeds in the forward direction. While, the concentration of products increase as the reaction proceeds.

Reactants are written on the left side and products are written on the right side.

From the given graph, concentration of the species is decreasing as the time increases. Thus, the specie is a reactant which is AB.

Thus, the concentration of AB is being plotted in the graph.

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.