Select the valid ways to make an ammonia/ammonium buffer for use in the laboratory. Mix equal volumes of 1 M NH3 and 0.01 M NH 4. Mix some volume of 1 M NH3 with half as much 1 M HCl. Mix equal volumes of 1 M NH3 and 1 M NH 4. Mix equal volumes of 1 M NH3 and 1 M HCl.

The answer is "Option b and Option c".

Explanation:

This buffer is a buffer of ammonia and ammonium ion. Thus it requires the solution .

In point 1:

The solution containing  at 1M concentration would be given by mixing the two solutions. Thus, this buffer is a legitimate route.

In point 2:

It gives the ions you want but they are not the same.

In point 3:

and volume would not produce the same concentrations. Therefore, this buffer isn't a valid route.

In point 4:

Some volume and half . This offers the same rate as half.

why do the isotopes of a particular element behave differently in nuclear reactions but the same in chemical reactions? chemical reactions involve changes to electrons in an atom; isotopes do not differ in electrons, and so they react the same way during chemical changes.

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