Which substance will have the greatest increase in temperature when equal masses absorb equal amounts of thermal energy? (Specific heats are given in parentheses.) a. Water (4.18 J/goC) c. Aluminum metal (0.90 J/goC)
b. Ammonia gas (2.1 J/goC) d. Solid calcium (0.476 J/goC)

The independent variable is the type of music.the dependent variable is the pulse rate.the intervening variable is the age of the subject.if the mother does not like rock, her pulse is likely to not increase.the same might be true for the sister.the friend may like rap and gets excited.to establish cause/effect relationship, all of the subjects must be consistent.hope i .