the value of ksp for pbcl2 is 1.6. what is the lowest concentration of Cl- that would be needed to begin precipitation of PbCl2 in 0.010 M Pb(NO3)2

The minimum concentration of Cl⁻ that produces precipitation is 12.6M

Explanation:

The Ksp of PbCl₂ is expressed as:

PbCl₂(s) → Pb²⁺(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq)

The Ksp is:

Ksp = 1.6 = [Pb²⁺] [Cl⁻]²

When Ksp = [Pb²⁺] [Cl⁻]² the solution begind precipiration.

A 0.010M Pb(NO₃)₂ is 0.010M Pb²⁺, thus:

1.6 = [0.010M] [Cl⁻]²

160 = [Cl⁻]²

12.6M =  [Cl⁻]

the ozone layer acts as a filter for the shorter wavelength and highly hazardous ultraviolet radiation (uvr) from the sun, protecting life on earth from its potentially harmful effects. when the sky is clear, there is an inverse relationship between stratospheric ozone and solar uvr measured at the earth's surface.