Someone please help me with this?

1)each group 16 element has how many valence electrons? ( )4 ( )6 ( )8 ( )16 2)how many dots appear in the dot structure for calcium ion, ca2+? ( )zero ( )one ( )two ( )eight 3) which of the following atoms forms a cation to obtain an octet of outer shell electrons? ( )magnesium ( )oxygen ( )fluorine ( )helium 4) an al3+ ion contains 13 protons and 10 electrons. ( )true ( )false 5) valence and non-valence electrons are represented in lewis dot structures. ( )true ( )false

How many mmols of tris-hcl are there in 100 ml of a 100 mm tris-hcl buffer solution at ph 8.1? note that the 100 mm refers to the sum of tris and tris-hcl concentrations?

As changes in energy levels of electrons increase, the frequencies of atomic line spectra they emit