Charlotte completed an experiment in which she investigated and discovered that an electrically charged object can attract an uncharged object without any contact. She used a PVC pipe and small pieces of paper for her experiment. Each time, she rubbed the PVC pipe with a cloth to give it a charge and then held it over paper. What would be Charlotte's control group in this experiment? 1. Using the cloth and rubbing it against the PVC pipe
2. Taking the pieces of paper and rubbing it against the cloth
3. Not rubbing the cloth against the PVC pipe or the paper
4. Rubbing the cloth against both the paper and the PVC pipe

periodic trends is an atom that gets larger as the number of electronic shells increase, the radius of atoms increases as you go down a certain group in the periodic table of elements. in general, the size of an atom will decrease as you move from left to right of a certain period.

b. accuracy of the data matters alot more than its number of digits, organization or amount of detail. quantitative observation is more accepted than the qualitative observation.

hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only hydrogens and carbons. they can be saturated (those which contain only carbon-carbon single bonds) or unsaturated (those which contain carbon-carbon double or triple bonds) in nature. hydrocarbons can undergo several reactions like substitution, elimination etc.  

on substituting one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon it results in the formation of haloalkane. as the halogen atoms are large compared to the carbon and hydrogen atoms, due to which the molecular weight increases and the bond become polar because of presence electronegative halogen atom and results in the increase in boiling point of the haloalkane.

thus, the correct option is (b) that is the boiling point of the new compound increases on substituting a hydrogen atom with a halogen in a hydrocarbon.