All of the following undergo hybridization except

A. C
B. Si
C. Mg
D. B

C: Mg

Explanation:

Hybridization of atomic orbitals is a fundamental concept introduced by Pauling that describes the mixing of orbitals at an atom which adds a definite direction to the Lewis - shared electron pair or electron chemical - bond concept.

Carbon(C) can hybridized on sp, sp2 and sp3 simply because it's valence shell gives room for it.

For silicon(si), when forming covalent bonds with other atoms, it's 3s and 3p orbitals are mixed with each other to form new hybrid orbitals.

Magnesium in itself doesn't hybridized except in magnesium hydrides.

Boron orbitals(B): when boron forms bonds with three other atoms like borazine, they are hybridized to either the sp2 or hybridized to the sp3 which occurs when boron forms bonds with four atoms just as is in metal borohydrides.

part 1: the half-life of the element is 22 years.

part 2: it will take 132.02 year for the sample to decay from 308.0 g to 4.8125 g.

explanation:

part 1: there are two ways to determine the half life time.

first way: the half life time can be determined directly from its definition as it is the time required for the sample to decay to its half concentration.

from the data the initial concentration was 45.0 g and decayed to its half value (22.5 g) in 22.0 years.

second way: the radio active decay is considered first order reaction so we can use the laws of first order reactions.

k = (1/t) ln (a/a-x), where k is the rate constant of the reaction,

t is the time of the reaction

a is the initial concentration of the reactant

a-x is the remaining concentration at time (t)

a = 45.0 g the initial concentration at t = 0 year.

at t = 22 year, a-x = 22.5 g

then k = (1/22 year) ln (45.0 g/ 22.5 g) = 0.0315 year-1.

the half-life time (t1/2) = ln 2/ k = 0.693/ k =0.693/ 0.0315 = 22 years.

part 2:

using the same law k = (1/t) ln (a/a-x),

using the given data; a = 308.0 g and a-x = 4.8125 g and the calculated k from the part 1 (k = 0.0315 year-1)

t = (1/k) ln (a/a-x) = (1/0.0315) ln (308.0/ 4.8125) = 132.02 years

answerca air mass;