The commercial production of nitric acid involves the following chemical reactions: 4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g)
2 NO (g) = O2 (g) → 2 NO2 (g)
3 NO2 (g) + H2O (l) → 2 HNO3 (aq) + NO (g)
Which of these reactions are redox reactions?

In each redox reaction identify the element undergoing oxidation and the element undergoing reduction.

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explanation:

covalent bonds

consist of pairs of electrons shared by two atoms, and bind the atoms to fixed orientation and requre high energies to break them

ionic bonds

when two atoms differ considerably in their electronegativity, then one of the atoms will lose its electron to the other atom. this results in a positively charged ion(cation) and a negatively charged ion (anion)