What is the underlying, fundamental force for the formation of all chemical bonds? A detailed explanation would be best, please.

Which of the following ocean acidification? are the most likely side effects of a ph less than 7.0 in the ocean b. more metal salts altering the ocean chemistry c. dissolution of the shells of marine organisms d. both a & b e. all of the above.

What layer of the atmosphere is directly above the troposphere?

How does the principle of electromagnetism explain the interaction between earth’s magnetic field and the solar wind?