The goal of this experiment was to answer the question, "How does diffraction occur?" Suppose you formulated
this alternate hypothesis:
If the gap width is increased while keeping wavelength
constant, then the observed diffraction will decrease
because the less the ratio between wavelength and gap
width is, the smaller the observed diffraction angle will
be.
To test this hypothesis, you would change the
and observe the
in the system.
Therefore, the independent variable would be the
and the dependent variable would
be the

yes

explanation:

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it can be observed without changing the identity of the object.

it depends on what substance you're talking about as well as many other factors. in quantum mechanics, the observation of particles affects the observers ability to measure certain properties. for example: you can know the velocity of a particle, but you can't know it's position; or you can know it's position, but not it's velocity. it's like trying to find out where a grain of sand is by throwing other grains of sand at it. once you find out where it is, it's been moved. it's also like trying to find an answer to the question of whether or not a tree falling in a forest makes a sound if nobody is there to hear it. paradoxically, the only way to find out is to be there and hear it.