The following is a list of common errors encountered in research laboratories. Categorize each as a determinate or an indeterminate error, and further categorize determinate errors as instrumental, operative, or methodic: (a) An unknown being weighed is hygroscopic.
(b) One component of a mixture being analyzed quantitatively by gas chromatography reacts with the column packing.
(c) The tip of the pipet used in the analysis is broken.
(d) In measuring the same peak heights of a chromatogram, two technicians each report different heights.

An unknown being weighed is hygroscopic. - operative error

One component of a mixture being analyzed quantitatively by gas chromatography reacts with the column packing. - methodic error

The tip of the pipet used in the analysis is broken. - instrumental error

In measuring the same peak heights of a chromatogram, two technicians each report different heights - operative error

Explanation:

In chemical analysis, operative errors are that largely introduced into the measurement because of variation of personal judgements of analysts. It is also a personal error that emanates solely due to the analyst.

A methodic error arises as a result of adopting defective experimental methods. For example, a column packing that reacts with a component of the mixture is used in the gas chromatography.

Instrument error refers to the error of a measuring instrument, for instance, the use of a pipette with a broken tip.

organisms are more likely to be more preserved in mud than sand because mud is moist and wet, while sand is very dry.