How and why are Endothermic and Exothermic reactions chemical changes?

Which of the following is a testable hypothesis? a. if i brush my teeth, i will get fewer cavities than if i don't brush my teeth. b. green toothpaste tastes better than blue toothpaste or red toothpaste. c. smart, careful, healthy people always brush their teeth. d. it's wrong to not brush your teeth before you have an important conversation with someone.

Nitrogen (n), phosphorus (p), and potassium (k) are the main nutrients in plant fertilizers. according to an industry convention, the numbers on the label refer to the mass percents of n, p2o5, and k2o, in that order. calculate the n: p: k ratio of a 30: 10: 10 fertilizer in terms of moles of each element, and express it as x: y: 1.0.

1)each group 16 element has how many valence electrons? ( )4 ( )6 ( )8 ( )16 2)how many dots appear in the dot structure for calcium ion, ca2+? ( )zero ( )one ( )two ( )eight 3) which of the following atoms forms a cation to obtain an octet of outer shell electrons? ( )magnesium ( )oxygen ( )fluorine ( )helium 4) an al3+ ion contains 13 protons and 10 electrons. ( )true ( )false 5) valence and non-valence electrons are represented in lewis dot structures. ( )true ( )false