After mixing an excess PbCl2 with a fixed amount of water, it is found that the equilibrium concentration of Pb2 is

Ksp = 8.8x10⁻⁵

Explanation:

Full question is:

After mixing an excess PbCl2 with a fixed amount of water, it is found that the equilibrium concentration of Pb2+ is 2.8 × 10–2 M. What is Ksp for PbCl2?

When an excess of PbCl₂ is added to water, Pb²⁺ and Cl⁻ ions are produced following Ksp equilibrium:

PbCl₂(s) ⇄ Pb²⁺ + 2Cl⁻

Ksp = [Pb²⁺] [Cl⁻]²

If an excess of PbCl₂ was added, an amount of Pb²⁺ is produced (X) and twice Pb²⁺ is produced as Cl⁻ (2X):

Ksp = [X] [2X]²

Ksp = 4X³

As X is the amount of Pb²⁺ = 2.8x10⁻²M:

Ksp = 4(2.8x10⁻²)³

answer : one can design an experiment using a liquid and an additive that can be added to the liquid and observe the chemical changes in the reaction species.

one would need a beaker which is filled with a known amount of the liquid in which thermometer is placed to measure the temperature changes; after addition of the additive to the liquid solution one can note down the temperature change and find whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic in nature. by subtracting the initial temperature value with the final temperature one can find the temperature changes.

various combinations of liquid and additive can be used. liquid in this case can be a known quantity of water and additives can be epsom salt or without epsom salt the experiment can be conducted to notice the changes. water and ice, hydrogen peroxide and dry yeast, vinegar and baking soda,etc.