What does the number of valence electrons an atom has have to do with whether the atom will gain electrons or lose electrons ?

The answer for #3 is c but i don't know why

Since the gas in your graduated cylinder is a mixture of butane and water vapor, you must determine the partial pressure of the butane, pbutane, alone. to do this, consult a reference and record the partial pressure of the water vapor, pwater, at the temperature you recorded. use the following formula to compute the partial pressure of the butane. pbutane = atmosphere - pwater use the following combined gas law formula and compute the volume that the butane sample will occupy at stp. (hint: convert both temperatures to kelvin.) pbutane x voriginal = pstandard x vfinal troom tstandard use the following ratio and proportion formula to determine the mass of butane needed to occupy a volume of 22.4 l at stp. grams of butane you used “x” grams of butane ml of butane corrected to stp = 22,400 ml compute the theoretical molar mass of butane based on its formula and the atomic masses on the periodic table. compare your experimental results from #3 to the theoretical value of #4, computing a percent error of your findings using this formula: % error = measured value - accepted value x 100 accepted value use the following ratio and proportion formula to determine the mass of butane needed to occupy a volume of 22.4 l at stp. need asap

Nebulae are enormous clouds in outer space. they are made mostly of hydrogen gas, helium gas, and dust. some nebulae glow brightly, while others do not. the stars that people see are huge, bright balls of glowing gas. they are made mostly of hydrogen and helium. which statement correctly describes other ways in which nebulae and stars are different? a. stars can form inside a nebula but a nebula can never be produced by any star. b. a star always has a higher density than a nebula. c. stars can never form inside a nebula but a nebula can be produced by any star. d. a nebula always has a higher density than a star.