Using a value of ksp = 1.8 x 10-2 for the reaction pbcl2 pb+2(aq) + 2cl -(aq). if the value of ksp was determined to be only 1.2 x 10-2:
a. too much solid has dissolved.
b. additional precipitate is forming.
c. the solution is unsaturated.
d. the ions are now combining to reduce their concentrations.

The solution is unsaturated

Explanation:

The Ksp = 1.8 x 10-2 gives us the equilibrium constant showing the extent to which the substance dissolves in a saturated solution. If the Ksp is less than this value, it then implies that the solution is unsaturated. That is, it contains less solute than it can normally hold at that temperature hence the lower Ksp.

sodium (na), for example, has one electron in its valence shell. this is an unstable state because that valence shell needs eight electrons to be full. in order to fill its valence shell, find a way to add seven electrons to its valence shell

explanation: