Question 1 options:
Radioactivity is caused by the decay of the nucleus which occurs when unstable nuclei lose protons and neutrons. This quiz will look at the time it takes for a specific amount of radioactive material to decay, which is measured in a unit called half-life.

If you are given the half-life for the decay of a particular radioisotope, then you can calculate how much of that radioisotope remains after several half-lives:
fraction remaining (FR) = 1/2n

where n=number of half-lives

Knowing this, what is the fraction equivalent of 2 half-lives?

what are the choices?

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.

b. examine and describe cells

one negative thing it that it can kill water animals. another negative thing is it can cause the destruction of ecosystem. one way water pollution can be reduced is to conserve energy.