A certain intermolecular force is created due to a brief concentration of electrons between nonpolar molecules. What best explains the strength of this intermolecular force?

A. Very strong, because it is a result of interactions between highly polar molecules

B. Weak because it is a result of the interaction between ions and polarized molecules

C. Very strong because it is a result of interactions between symmetrical molecules causing canceling of dipoles

D. Weak because it is a result of interactions between molecules with instantaneous dipoles

The correct answer is D

Explanation:

Many substances hold their molecules together in the liquid or solid bosom. This is due, in addition to the pressure and temperature conditions, by the forces of Van der Waals. These are still produced in nonpolar molecules by the movement of electrons through the molecules; in extremely short periods of time, their electrons "charge" towards one end of the molecule, producing small dipoles and keeping the molecules very close to each other.

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explanation:

part 1: the half-life of the element is 22 years.

part 2: it will take 132.02 year for the sample to decay from 308.0 g to 4.8125 g.

explanation:

part 1: there are two ways to determine the half life time.

first way: the half life time can be determined directly from its definition as it is the time required for the sample to decay to its half concentration.

from the data the initial concentration was 45.0 g and decayed to its half value (22.5 g) in 22.0 years.

second way: the radio active decay is considered first order reaction so we can use the laws of first order reactions.

k = (1/t) ln (a/a-x), where k is the rate constant of the reaction,

t is the time of the reaction

a is the initial concentration of the reactant

a-x is the remaining concentration at time (t)

a = 45.0 g the initial concentration at t = 0 year.

at t = 22 year, a-x = 22.5 g

then k = (1/22 year) ln (45.0 g/ 22.5 g) = 0.0315 year-1.

the half-life time (t1/2) = ln 2/ k = 0.693/ k =0.693/ 0.0315 = 22 years.

part 2:

using the same law k = (1/t) ln (a/a-x),

using the given data; a = 308.0 g and a-x = 4.8125 g and the calculated k from the part 1 (k = 0.0315 year-1)

t = (1/k) ln (a/a-x) = (1/0.0315) ln (308.0/ 4.8125) = 132.02 years