Describe the developments presented by early scientists to define the nature of light as a particle, as a wave, and as a particle moving in a wavelike motion.

is seen in the explanations

Explanation:

Light can be described as an electromagnetic wave, a change in electric field causes a change in magnetic field and unlike sounds, water etc light does not require a medium.There are three measurable properties of wave motion, this includes amplitude, wavelength, and frequency.

In some situations light may behave as a particle and in others as a wave. They behave as a particle because light consist of tiny packages of energy called photons. This photon's carry a fixed amount of energy but have no mass. Example is the emission of electrons when UV light hits a surface . particle has quality moving in speed less than light,while particle has zero quality moving in light speed.

This is explained as the wave-particle duality of light.

Explanation:

Wave motion is said to occur when a kind of periodic disturbance is propagated through a medium, such as local electric or magnetic fields, or sound waves moving transversely through a guitar string.  For each medium, there is a characteristic velocity at which the disturbance travels.  The quantifiable properties of wave motion are its wavelength, amplitude and frequency. Light has similar parameters: wavelength, velocity (speed of light) and frequency - and behaves as such that it can reflect, diffract, refrract, etc, which allows it to be measured as a wave. Furthermore. visible light is a region on the electromagnetic spectrum.

Light can also be observed as a particle of discrete bundles of electromagnetic energy, known as photon. When light comes in contact with the electrons in an object or substance, the electrons get excited and moves from the surface of the material. So, if a photon of greater energy than that of an electron hits a solid that electron will be emitted.

- calcium has greater affinity to bond with electron receptors than hydrogen does and hence, it has the ability to replace hydrogen in most of its compounds.

- lithium has 2 valence electrons in the product because it can make only 1 bond with hydrogen. beryllium has 4 valence electrons in the product because it can only make 2 bonds. it has fewer electrons than neon and can react with electron donors. each hydrogen has 2 valence electrons, the same as helium.

- the covalent bond formed between carbon and hydrogen is polar because carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen and it attracts the bonded electron pair closer to itself, thus giving hydrogen a partial positive charge.

- a hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond that hydrogen atoms make with the electronegative atoms nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine.

so the best choice is a.) 2 calcium (ca) atoms

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