A positivley charged atom has: gained protons, gained electrons, lost electrons, lost protons

lost electrons

Explanation:

A positively charged atom has lost electrons because if an atom loses electrons it bring the charge above 0 and a negatively charged atom would have gained electrons because the overall charge is negative so more electrons would be added.

a rain shadow is a dry region of land on the side that is protected against the prevailing winds of a mountain range. the prevailing winds are the winds that occur most of the time in a particular place of the earth

prevailing winds carry air toward the mountain range. as the air rises up over a mountain range, the air cools, water vapor condenses, and clouds form. on this side of the mountains, called the windward side, precipitation falls in the form of  rain  or snow. this dry air produces a  rain shadow.