Explain how each of the following errors would have altered your results. Clearly explain why your calculations would be high, low, or unchanged.

a. The pH buffers used to calibrate the pH meter were each 0.5 pH units high (4.5 and 7.5 rather than 4.0 and 7.0 respectively).

b. You decided to take the pH after each addition of 5.0 mL of NaOH rather than after every 0.5 mL during the neutralization of your acid sample.

c. While using the Half Volume method, your solution was dark pink (you overshot the endpoint) and you added the unreacted acid to this solution.

d. You refilled your buret between titrations of your unknown acid. Instead of using 0.1 M NaOH as you did for the first titration, you used 0.2 M NaOH.