One mole of an ideal gas is isothermally expanded from 5.0 L to 10.0 L at 300 K. Compute the entropy changes for the system, surroundings, and the universe if the process is carried out (a) reversibly by adjusting the pressure of the surroundings to match the internal pressure of the gas, and (b) irreversibly, freely expanding in a vacuum.

practical process described pest part of scientific investigation.

because practical knowledge is powerful then therotical knowledge.

it is the most commonly accepted one

the dissociation of nickel hydroxide is follows:

the concentration of hydroxide ion is

the equilibrium constant value of nickel hydroxide is = 6.1 * 10^-^1^6 and thus equilibrium equation can be written as:

thus, concentration of ni is 0.23 * 10^-^4 mol /l