Benzene and toluene form ideal solutions. Consider a solution of benzene and toluene prepared at 25∘C. As suming that the mole fractions of benzene and toluene in the vapor phase are equal, calculate the composition of the solution. At 25∘C the vapor pressures of benzene and toluene are 95 and 28 torr, respectively.

Xtoluene = 0.77

Xbenzene = 0.23

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

Temperature = 25.0 °C

the mole fractions of benzene and toluene in the vapor phase are equal

At 25∘C the vapor pressures of benzene and toluene are 95 and 28 torr.

Step 2:

Xtoluene + Xbenzne = 1

Since the mol fractions are equal, the partial pressure also will be equal.

pToluene = pbenzene

Xtoluene *pToluene = Xbenzene *pBenzene = (1.00 - Xtoluene)*pBenzene

⇒with X toluene = mol fraction of toluene

⇒pbenzene = vapor pressure benzene = 95 torr

⇒Xbenzene = mol fraction benzene = 1.0 -0.5

⇒ptoluene = 28 torr

Xtoluene * 28 torr = (1.0 - Xtoluene)*95 torr

Xtoluene = 0.77

Xbenzene = 1.0 - 0.77 = 0.23

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alkaline metals are lithium, sodium, rubidium, potassium, cesium and francium.

alkali metals have electronegativity from 0.7 to 1, lowest in periodic table of elements, which means that alkali metals (i group in periodic table) has positive oxidation number in compounds.

electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself.

alkaline metals (far left in main group) have lowest ionizations energy and easy remove valence electrons,

for example, potassium is the alkali metal and has a single valence electron in the outer electron shell.

electron configuration of potassium is: ₁₉k 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹.

they can not exist alone in nature, because they are very reactive.