Equal volumes of 0.2 M ammonia and 0.2 M nitric acid, HNO₃, are mixed. Write the net ionic equation for the reaction and identify the aqueous species that have the highest concentrations at equilibrium. Justify your answer.

The net ionic equation is

H₃O⁺+NH₃ ↔ NH₄⁺+H₂O

Explanation:

To write the net ionic equation, we are required to dissociate the into ions all strong acids and strong bases

Hence, nitric acid which is a strong acid is dissociated as follows

HNO₃+H₂O → H₃O⁺ + NO₃⁻

in the above equation, the nitrate ion  NO₃⁻, is a spectator ion because it is only present and does not partake in the chemical reaction so it is left out of the net ionic equation equation

Also the it is required to keep together weak bases in the solution therefore  for NH₃ which is a weak base we have

NH₃ + H₃O⁺ → NH₄⁺ + H₂O

Hence, the net ionic equation becomes

H₃O⁺ (aq) + NH₃ ↔ NH₄⁺(aq) + H₂O (l)

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.

it would be d. henry moseley

hope this !

and sorry if i'm late. have a good rest of your day! : d