Which of the following has the strongest buffering capacity? a. h2o b. 0.1 m hcl c. 0.1 m carbonic/bicarbonate (h2co3/hco3-) at ph ~pka d. 0.2 m carbonic/bicarbonate (h2co3/hco3-) at ph ~pka

Explanation:

(A)   As we know that carbonic acid () and Sodium bicarbonate () forms an acidic buffer.

Therefore, pH of an acidic buffer is given by Hendeerson-Hasselbalch equation as follows.

               pH = ........... (1)

So mathematically,  if [Salt] = [Acid]  then = 1 .

And,   = 0

Therefore, equation (1) gives us the following.

         pH = (when acid and salt are equal in concentration)

Hence, of (carbonic acid) is 6.35.

And, with this we have following results.

In (A) and (D) we have the case \frac{[NaHCO_{3}]}{[H_{2}CO_{3}]}[/tex] i.e. [Salt] = [Acid].

Hence, for the cases pH = = 6.35.

(B)     = 0.045 M and,   = 0.45 M

Hence,   pH =

                     =

                     = 6.35 + (-1)

                     = 5.35

Therefore, it means that this buffer will be most suitable buffer as it has pH on acidic side and addition of slight excess base will not affect much of its pH value.

(C)     = 0.45 M

                          = 0.045 M

So,       pH =

                  =

                  = 6.35 + (+1)

                 = 7.35

This means that pH on Basic side makes it no more acidic buffer.

a. they are both space stations

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each  column  of the  table  is called a group. elements in a group share similar properties. groups are  read  from  top  to  bottom. metal. metalloid. nonmetal. solid. liquid. gas. fe. hg. o.  2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.  2. beryllium. 9.012. 4.  sodium. 22.990.  11. 3.  magnesium. 24.305.  12.  potassium. 39.098.  19. 4.  calcium. 40.078.  20. i guess  i