15a.4(a) what is the temperature of a two-level system of energy separation equivalent to 400 cm−1 when the population of the upper state is one-third that of the lower state?

T = 525K    

Explanation:

The temperature of the two-level system can be calculated using the equation of Boltzmann distribution:

 (1)

where Ni: is the number of particles in the state i, N: is the total number of particles, ΔE: is the energy separation between the two levels, k: is the Boltzmann constant, and T: is the temperature of the system         

The energy between the two levels (ΔE) is:

where h: is the Planck constant, c: is the speed of light and k: is the wavenumber      

Solving the equation (1) for T:

With Ni = N/3 and k = 1.38x10⁻²³ J/K, the temperature of the two-level system is:

I hope it helps you!

the dependant variable is spilled water

the independent is the heat

ca has a crystalline lattice with positive ions (since it is a metal, metals are positively charged) and electrons flow freely in its structure since the ca atoms have a large nuclear radius so the electrons are not tightly held, therefore the electrons can flow freely since they are not being highly attracted by the nucleus. moreover, one of the properties of metals are that they are conductors of electricity, thus proving ca is the element.