Which refers to the amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given volume of solvent at a given temperature and pressure?
solubility
supersaturated
dissolution rate
concentrated

the first choice, solubility.

Justification:

The statement in the question corresponds to the definition of solubility: the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a certain amound of solvent at an specified temperature and pressure.

Each solute has a characteristic solubility.

The solubility is usually expressed as grams of solute per 100 grams or 100 ml of solvent, at a given pressure and temperature.

Tables and charts for some solute - solvent systems are found in textbooks, handbooks, and internet. So, when you need to find the solutibility of a solute in a solvent you go to those tables or graphs.

hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only hydrogens and carbons. they can be saturated (those which contain only carbon-carbon single bonds) or unsaturated (those which contain carbon-carbon double or triple bonds) in nature. hydrocarbons can undergo several reactions like substitution, elimination etc.  

on substituting one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon it results in the formation of haloalkane. as the halogen atoms are large compared to the carbon and hydrogen atoms, due to which the molecular weight increases and the bond become polar because of presence electronegative halogen atom and results in the increase in boiling point of the haloalkane.

thus, the correct option is (b) that is the boiling point of the new compound increases on substituting a hydrogen atom with a halogen in a hydrocarbon.