Serveral students performed this experiment without paying adequate attention to the details of the procedure. briefly explain what effect each of the following procedural changes would have ont the size of the volume-to-temperature ratio calculated by the students.

a) one student failed to replenish the boiling water in the boiling-water bath as the flask was being heated. at the end of the 6 min of heating, the boiling water in the bath was only in contact with the lower portion of the flask.

b) following the proper heating of the flask in the boiling water, a student removed the flask from the boiling-water bath but only partially immersed the flask in the ice-water bath during the cooling period.

c) a student neglected to close the pinch clamp before removing the flask from the boiling-water bath and immersing it in the ice-water bath.

d) one student neglected to measure the volume of the flask before leaving the laboratory. because the procedure called for a 125-ml erlenmeyer flask, the student used 125 ml as the volume of the flask.