Ions move in the direction opposite to that favored by the chemical concentration gradient when
a. potassium ions exit the neuron during the repolarization phase of an action potential
b. they are pumped by proteins that require atp hydrolysis and when the electrical charge gradient repulses or attracts them
c. simple diffusion operates after active transport has been permanently halted by being poisoned proteins leak out of a neuron
d. sodium ions enter a neuron during the depolarization phase of an action potential

B. they are pumped by proteins that require ATP hydrolysis and when the electrical charge gradient repulses or attracts them

Explanation:

Hello,

Ions move in the direction opposite to that favored by the chemical concentration gradient when they are pumped by proteins that require ATP hydrolysis and when the electrical charge gradient repulses or attracts them because active pumping moves ions against their chemical concentration gradients and the Nernst equation describes how membrane potentials can yield electrical gradients to motivate ion movement.

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a boiling water reactor does not boil the water. a pressurized water reactor boils the water faster. a pressurized water reactor is heated directly by the core. a pressurized water reactor does not use fission.