Apseudo-first order approximation
a) requires using a large excess of one of the reagents in the reaction
b) is a way to simplify the study of the rates of a second order reaction
c) gives a straight line when ln[r] is plotted versus time and the resulting positive slope is equal to the rate constant
d) a and b
e) a and c
f) all of the above

F) All of the above

Explanation:

The order of a reaction is determined by its kinetics. So, for a reaction

A + B → C

the rate of the C formation is:

Where n is the kinetics' coefficient and determinates the order. If n = 1, the reaction is first order, if n = 2, its second order.

Reactions of the first order are easy to study, so, it's convenient, sometimes, to treat a second-order reaction as a first-order one (pseudo-first order). For this one of the reactants must be in large excess, so the reaction will be completed. For the first-order reaction equation:

rC = k[C]

ln(rC) = ln(k) + ln [C]

Which is a line equation, so the letter C is also correct.

water and alcohols have similar properties because water molecules contain hydroxyl groups that can form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and with alcohol molecules, and likewise alcohol molecules can form hydrogen bonds with other alcohol molecules as well as with water.