Suppose you have been given the task of distilling a mixture of hexane + toluene. pure hexane has a refractive index of 1.375 and pure toluene has a refactive index of 1.497. you collect a distillate sample which has a refractive index of 1.391. assuming that the refractive index of the hexane + toluene mixture varies linearly with mole fraction, what is the mole fraction of hexane in your sample?

the mole fraction of hexane in your sample is 0.04

Explanation:

This is solved by a system of equations, that is, a system that in this case has 2 linear equations with two unknown variables.

First you define your variables:

The molar fraction is the  relationship between the moles of hexane and toluene in the solution, and its sum must be equal to 1. This is represented by the equation: xh+xy=1 Equation (A)

On the other hand you know that pure hexane has a refractive index of 1.375, pure toluene has a refactive index of 1.497 and a distillate sample has a refractive index of 1.391.

That the simple distillate has that index means that the sum of the fraction of hexane present and the toluene present generates that value. Knowing the refractive indices of pure compounds, the equation can be called:

1.375*xh+1.497*xy=1.391 Equation (B)

Now you have armed the system of equations to solve:

One of the most used ways to solve a system of equations is by substitution, which consists in isolating one of the variables of one of the equations and replacing it in the other.

Isolating xy from the first equation and replacing the value in the second equation gives:

1.375*xh+1.497*(1-xh)=161

Isolating the value of xh, you get: xh=0.04

By replacing the value of xh in any equation, you get xy: xy=0.96

This means that the mole fraction of hexane in your sample is 0.04 and the mole fraction of toluene in your sample is 0.96

the population of unionid mussels in the hudson river decreased after zebra mussels were introduced. zebra mussels, a nonnative species, competed with the unionid mussels for food. the zebra mussels were able to outcompete the unionid mussels, allowing the zebra mussel population to increase dramatically over six years. the unionid mussel population decreased due to a lack of food.

hope this :