Imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that's permeable to water but not sucrose molecules. how would the balloon be affected if it is filled with a 50% sucrose solution and then placed in a beaker of water? the balloon would eventually burst. the balloon would not change in size or volume. the balloon would get smaller as it loses water. the balloon would get larger as it gains water.

The balloon would get larger as it gains water

Explanation:

Due to the process of osmosis, water molecules would passively move from an area of lower solute concentration, the water in the beaker, to an area of higher solute concentration, inside the balloon.

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.