My research group tries to kill bacterial biofilms on medical implants by heating them up. this also heats up the surrounding tissue, damaging some of it. to study this, we have creatc artificial tissue phantoms that we can pour into a given shape and gel into a solid to study conductive heat transfer from the biofilm. we can tune the thermal conductivity of these phantoms to match the tissue we're interested in. 3) one way to measure the thermal conductivity of these phantoms is to place an electroresistive heater beneath a planar slab of the phantom, then place a sheet of melting ice on top of the phantom. we use controls software to set the heater surface at a given temperature, then measure how much electrical power takes to maintain that termperature. in one experiment, it took 1.44 w of power to maintain the 19 cm" heating element at 40 °c beneath a 1-inch-thick phantom. a) what was the thermal conductivity of that phantom? b) what was the temperature of the phantom '4 inch from the top?

The reaction will shift to the right

The answer to your question really depends on three things: how much water you have, how cold it is to start out, and how cold the things around it are. water actually freezes when it gets to 32 degrees fahrenheit (0 degrees celsius), but the time it takes to get there may be different.  let's start with the first. if you take two glasses, and fill one with a tiny bit of water, and the other about halfway, then put them both in the freezer, the one with less water will freeze first (you can try this at home, but i recommend using plastic cups and not glass ones).  now let's move on to the second part. let's say you have two glasses, and you fill one with really cold water that has been in the refrigerator, and the other with really hot water from the sink. if you put both of them in the freezer, the one that started out colder will freeze first.  for the third part, let's imagine that you have two glasses with the same amount of water in them, and the water is at the same temperature. imagine putting one outside on a really really cold day in georgia, and having a friend in alaska put one outside on the same day. since it would be so much colder in alaska, the glass of water there would freeze before yours.  so, if you took a tiny bit of really cold water in a glass, and put it outside on a cold day in alaska, it would freeze a lot faster than a big glass of hot water outside on a cold day in georgia. 

The water cycle increase the water content in the earth atmosphere