The boltzmann distribution is central to (physical) chemistry. it describes the distribution of energy (states = electronic, vibrational, rotational, conformers, etc). the ratio of populations of various states (energies, conformations) of a molecular system is described by the boltzmann distribution. for example, to describe populated vibrational and rotational energy levels in a molecule. one form of the boltzmann distribution is n2 n1 = e−(e2−e1 )/kt where t is the temperature, and n1 and n2 refers to the ratio of populations in states with energies e1 and e2. here k is the boltzmann constant k = 1.381 x 10-23 j k-1 . if we use molar values for energies (ie j/mol or kj/mol) that must be taken into account. note that na x k = r, the gas constant (8.314 j k-1 mol-1 ). it is clear that the greater the energy difference, the smaller the ratio of populations. it is also clear that the greater the temperature, the greater the proportion of molecules in the higher energy states. if we have a number of energy states, such as conformations of a flexible molecule, then we can use the boltzmann distribution to determine the population of each state. %pop(ni) = e−δei /kt e−δei /kt i ∑ ×100% the energy can be any form of chosen energy, including electronic energy (ee), zpe corrected energy (e0), enthalpy (h) or gibb’s free energy (g). the amino acid alanine is conformationally flexible, and in the gas phase is predicted to have 15 different conformations. note that in the gas phase, amino acids are not chargeseparated zwitterions but standard neutral, covalent compounds. in this exercise, you are going to generate a spreadsheet with appropriate formulas to calculate the percentage population of each conformation as a function of temperature.

answer: option (4) is the correct answer.

explanation:

areas which are at low altitudes and near the equator tend to receive direct sunlight from the sun. hence, heat energy or radiations from the sun make these areas warmer and they have warmest water.

whereas areas which are at high altitudes and away from the equator do no receive direct sunlight. hence, no direct contact from the sun makes these regions colder and thus, they have colder water.

thus, we can conclude that the statement areas at low latitudes near the equator have the warmest water because they receive the most direct sunlight best explains the relationship between an area's geography and the temperature of its surface water.

explanation:

venn diagram is pictorial representation with of circles showing the relation between two finite sets or things. the intersection part of two circles conveys the relation present in between those sets or things.

here in the venn diagram of sand and salt two circles represent sand and salt. but the area falling under the intersection of these circle represents the mixture of sand and salt.

so, in a venn diagram the mixture will be placed in a middle that is in between the intersection of two circles.

distance, luminosity, brightness, radius, chemical composition, and temperature

the correct answer is b. a strong acid completely dissociates to its ions when dissolved in water. completely dissociates to and ions. a is incorrect because does not fully ionize to and ions and some remain as the compound . c and d are incorrect because, and do not fall into the category of bronsted lowry acids. a bronsted lowry acid is a proton donor and since both molecules do not have a proton to donate they are not bronsted lowry acids. likewise,   if we use the lewis acid definition, they cannot be acids. a lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor. both and have a complete octet so can not accept any electrons which disqualifies them as acids.