Hf has a bond length of 92 pm. calculate the moment of inertia of the molecule and hence the energy required to excite it from the j = 0 to the j = 1 energy level. (a) at what temperature does this energy equal the thermal energy kt? (b) at what wavelength could this excitation be induced using electromagnetic radiation?

intermolecular forces are the forces between molecules or particles.

there are two kinds of van der waals forces: weak london dispersion forces and stronger dipole-dipole forces.

in molecule of water there are dipole-dipole forces between negatively charged oxygen from one molecule of water and positively charger hydrogen of another molecule of water.

hydrogen bond is an electrostatic attraction between two polar groups that occurs when a hydrogen atom (h), covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom such as flourine (f), oxygen (o) and nitrogen (n) atoms.