What are the limitations of litmus paper and phenolphthalein indicators? name to other indicators that can be used that do not have such limitations

Here's what I find.

Explanation:

An indicator is usually is a weak acid in which the acid and base forms have different colours. Most indicators change colour over a narrow pH range.

(a) Litmus

Litmus is red in acid (< pH 5) and blue in base (> pH 8).

This is a rather wide pH range, so litmus is not much good in titrations.

However, the range is which it changes colour includes pH 7 (neutral), so it is good for distinguishing between acids and bases.

(b) Phenolphthalein

Phenolphthalein  is colourless in acid (< pH 8.3) and red in base (> pH 10).

This is a narrow pH range, so phenolphthalein is good for titrating acids with strong bases..

However, it can't distinguish between acids and weakly basic solutions.

It would be colourless in a strongly acid solution with pH =1 and in a basic solution with pH = 8.

(c) Other indicators  

Other acid-base indicators have the general limitations as phenolphthalein. Most of them have a small pH range, so they are useful in acid-base titrations.

The only one that could serve as a general acid-base indicator is bromothymol blue, which has a pH range of 6.0 to 7.6.

specific gravity is the density of a substance divided by the density of water. since (at standard temperature and pressure) water has a density of 1 gram/cm3, and since all of the units cancel, specific gravity is usually very close to the same value as density

so "c" is the answer

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